Life, Death and Psychology Journal Article

Impact of Hosting Mega Events Do Benefits Outweigh Costs - 1100 Words

Impact of Hosting Mega Events: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Costs? (Essay Sample) Content: Impact of Hosting Mega Events: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Costs?NameInstructorInstitutionCourseDateImpacts of mega eventsIntroductionMega events have increasingly become part and parcel of societys cycle of events. These range from sporting events such as the Olympic Games, the FIFA World Cup and World Athletics Championships to international cultural and commercial festivals and/or expos, which attract extensive participation globally (Jonathan 2009). These events leave a wide range of socio-economic, political and even physical impacts, particularly on the host countries. The impacts may be positive or negative. In fact, According to Malfas,Theodoraki and Houlihan (2003), the number of cities that bid to host the events has significantly increased owing to the anticipated/perceived benefits. However, as this essay notes, the benefits that accompany hosting of mega-sporting events come with more negative impacts which cannot be overlooked unless the gains are overe stimated while costs are underestimated.As already stated, hosting mega sporting is often motivated by a promise to gaining vast economy windfall. However, according to Jonathan (2009), since cities hosting the mega-events commit significant investments towards stadia for sports and additional miscellaneous infrastructure expenses, valid questions arise whether economic beneï ¬ ts gained can really compensate for costs incurred. This is upon considering not only the vast costs, but also the associated risks that are substantially incurred. In fact, a major concern has been raised whether the games are a lottery jackpot (Preuss, 2006) or a fools gold (Baade and Matheson, 2002).Secondly, most mega events are usually held in popular tourist attraction centres within the host country. This has been associated with diverse negative externalities like congestion, which may dissuade some regular tourists who are non-interested from visiting during the event. According to Jonathan (2012), this crowding out is also experienced when local hotels and restaurants become filled to capacity leading to displacement of, and associated inconvenience to, regular visitors. This usually results in a net impact that is smaller than the predicted. A good example is explicated through FIFA World Cup in South Korea (2002). Estimates indicated that during this event alone, the overall number of foreign visitors equalled that recorded in the entire previous year. According to Disher and French (1997), hotels and restaurants that were located away from the Olympic Park at Atlanta were noted as recording signiï ¬ cantly lower volume of sales than normal during the Games.It is imperative to note that hosting mega events provide an opportunity for massive establishment and/or improvement of infrastructure. Unfortunately, people tend to perceive only the positive side of the processes of construction for events. Dubious information is provided when studies economic impacts are being ma de basing only on the positive side as noted by Siegfried and Zimbalist who recorded that workers for construction work live outside the country hosting the events. Moreover, economists have thus far never proven any significant correlation between construction of sports stadia, for instance, and the anticipated economic development to the host country (Noll and Zimbalist, 1997; Coates and Humphreys, 1999). This is not to overrule the possible social benefits of such development. Other economists have argued that during mega events, the economy may run up to or close to full employment to an extent of outsourcing for certain aspects. Outsourcing is seen as a direct means of wiping away economic benefits from the local population (Matheson, 2006). A case in point is the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa which attracted massive investment in revamping associated infrastructure. It was, however, noted that skilled workforce outsourced in the name of campaign for decent work (Statisti cs South Africa, 2008). According to Jonathan (2009) estimation of direct expenditures as result of such events are used to deduce for indirect effects, which are prone to exaggeration more often. Thus, it is a reality that the local residents may not actually get direct beneï ¬ ts due to supply-side leakages. Additionally it may imply greater borrowings by the government or higher taxation levels.Another form of supply chain leakage occurs when there is a temporary entry for external ï ¬ rms who sell their products during the sport events. As such, the mega event becomes an economy to itself which means that much income ï ¬â€šows to ï ¬ rms which do not make permanent elements of the indigenous economy (Matheson, 2006). Substantial leakages are also experienced from the people who have active involvement during staging of the Games and the businesses providing goods and services at the time of the event (Baade, 2006). The best example is when the local economy runs at full employment whereby restaurants and hotels require additional labour. Thus to deal with levels of tourists that are greater than normal, the host countries resort to hire from external people where there may be a surplus.As noted by Richter et al (2014) mega events contribute to negative social aspects such as experienced in south Africa world cup 2010. It was observed that human trafficking was on the rise with people being forced into prostitution. On the same, the negative social impact was felt in fear of crimes which led to police harassment especially on the locals. When preparations were being made during ...

Do You Indent in a College Essay

Do You Indent in a College Essay?This is a question I get asked frequently, so let me get straight to the point. You are allowed to use indentation as long as you do not overdo it. However, using indentation too much is not wise and can make your essay look less impressive and sloppy.It is very important to understand how to write a college essay. The more well-written your essay, the better chance you have of winning. And the last thing you want to do is appear unprofessional or amateurish on your college paper.Most college essays are formatted in one of two ways. There are those that are the norm, and some are formatted in a different way. If you are formatting your essay yourself, it is important to know what style is best for your needs.When I write my college essay, I like to use a traditional format. However, I sometimes take the liberty of formatting my own essays, as I feel it is OK to be more creative and more original when doing it myself.For example, if you are writing an essay about the benefits of file sharing software, you will most likely use a period (.) if it is a positive review of the program. However, if you are writing an essay about the drawbacks of the program, you will most likely use a colon (:). Many college professors require that their students format their essays in this manner.Some students will even make their own rules for when they use a colon and when they use a period. While these writers are doing this, others will use the traditional format. Others may also take the liberty of altering the wordings used by the previous writer to match their own preferences.In short, when formatting your college essay, do not be afraid to use indentation. However, you do not want to overdo it. Just make sure you use the right indentation, not the one you prefer the most.This is just a simple reminder that you must format your college essay correctly. This is why you need to become familiar with the different indentations that are used in this particular writing format.